Both receive power supply from a main unit which has holders for the handpiece and the irrigating coolant. The PS device consists of a handpiece which is controlled by a foot switch. The cavitation effects also attribute to the antimicrobial property resulting from the fragmentation of bacterial cell wall, favoring predictable results with minimal morbidity in osseous surgery. The water bubbles which explode under high pressure cause erosion and cleaning of the surgical field, thereby improving visibility and the operating skills. ![]() This involves vaporization of the coolant, bubble formation followed by implosion of the coolant molecule into tiny fractions of its original size. A coolant is driven through the oscillating tip while in function, thereby producing a cavitation effect. The power of the device is adjusted at 5 W. Soft tissues including the vital structures such as nerves and vessels would be incised by a frequency of above 50 KHz. įrequency range of the micromovements is between 25 and 29 KHz, depending on the insert, with amplitude of 60– 210 μm which selectively cuts mineralized tissue. The resultant vibration in the transducer creates the ultrasound output which is conducted to the handpiece tip, also called an insert, which exhibits longitudinal movement enabling bone cutting by microscopic shattering of bone. Piezoelectric ultrasonic frequency is developed by passing an electric current from generator over piezoceramic rings, with resultant deformation. PS works on the principle of “pressure electrification,” according to which piezoelectric effect is detected in certain crystals such as quartz, Rochelle salt, and ceramics. “Piezo” is derived from the Greek word “Piezen” meaning pressure. Tomaso Vercelloti in 1997 in collaboration with Mectron Spa which later devised the 2 nd generation and (2004) 3 rd generation PS devices (2009). Piezosurgical device was first invented by Dr. PS is performed using piezoelectric effect, first introduced by French physicist Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880. Low surgical trauma, exceptional precision, and fast healing response associated with PS lead to treatment effectiveness and improved post-operative recovery and healing. ![]() To overcome these limitations, a novel technique termed piezoelectric surgery or piezosurgery (PS) was developed which uses ultrasonic vibrations with an average frequency of 25–29 KHz, favoring selective cutting of hard tissues sparing the adjacent soft tissues. Furthermore, the noise and macrovibrations produced by the traditional motor-driven instruments resulted in fear and stress in patients during bone cutting. Moreover, these instruments exerted considerable amount of pressure and hence made treatment of fractured or brittle bones risky. Traditional tools including both manual and motor-driven instruments used in osseous surgeries generated a large amount of heat that could damage the adjacent tissues or delay wound healing and hence required copious external irrigation. Over the years, dental treatment has undergone tremendous advancements evolving into a world of painless dentistry. The advantages, limitations, and biological effects of PS as well its various applications in dentistry have also been discussed. The present review addresses the efficiency of PS comparing it with the traditional dental surgical equipment. In the field of dentistry, PS has emerged as a promising technical modality in bone graft harvesting, alveolar ridge expansion, sinus lift procedures, osteogenic distraction, and endodontic and periodontal surgeries. Till date, PS has seen wide applications in various disciplines of medicine. Piezosurgical device functions with an ultrasonic frequency (25–29 KHz) resulting in microvibrations in the range of 60–200 µm/s enabling bone cutting that is secured and accurate preserving the underlying neurovascular elements along with improved visibility through bloodless surgical site and thorough debridement using internal irrigation system. Piezoelectric surgery, also popularly called as piezosurgery (PS), is a rapidly evolving technique of bone surgery which is gaining importance because of its ability to place osteotomy cuts with absolute precision and confidence, especially near the vital structures. Dentistry has undergone significant improvement with a lot of changing concepts involving novel surgical tools over the past two decades.
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